2018-8-29 dynalist 配额
CentOS6.8下落成配置分配的定额
Linux系统是支撑多顾客的,即允许八个客商同期使用linux系统,普通客商在/home/目录下均有谈得来的家目录,在暗中认可状态下,各样客商能够在温馨的家目录下率性创立文件,而不用忧虑内部存储器。作为系统管理员,为了幸免各样客商占用太多的空间,可认为种种普通客商设置配置分配的定额,即设置各种客户的文本占用的长台湾空中大学小。
本文以硬盘/dev/sdb为例设置配置分配的定额:
尝试背景:
Linux是个多客商多任务系统,出于安全等原因,对两样的客户大家日常做明确的权限管理。空间分配的定额限定正是中间叁个内需思谋的点。分配的定额是依据分区配置的,幸免客户数据占用太多磁盘空间,我们平时把home目录单独划分一个分区,然后对区别客户设定分配的定额。
centos7的xfs配置,centos7xfs配置
XFS是扩大性高、高品质的文件系统。也是rhel7/centos7的默许文件系统。
XFS帮忙metadata journaling,那使其能从crash中更便捷的过来。
它也扶持在挂载和活动的意况下进展零散收拾和扩大体积。
通过延迟分配,XFS 赢得了不菲时机来优化写质量。
可因此工具xfsdump和xfsrestore来备份和恢复xfs文件系统,
xfsdump可选用dump等第来成功增量备份,还可通过size,subtree,inode
flags来排除文件。
也支持user、group、project配额。
上边将介绍怎么样创设xfs文件系统,分配分配的定额以至对其扩大体积:
###############################################################################
将/dev/sdb分区(2G),并启动LVM功能
[[email protected] zhongq]#parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mkpart primary 4 2048
(parted) set 1 lvm on
(parted) p
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 2147MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 4194kB 2048MB 2044MB primary lvm
###############################################################################
创建PV
[[email protected] zhongq]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
[[email protected] zhongq]# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
VG Name centos
PV Size 24.51 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 6274
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 6274
PV UUID 9hp8U7-IJM6-bwbP-G9Vn-IVuJ-yvE8-AkFjcB
"/dev/sdb1" is a new physical volume of "1.90 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdb1
VG Name
PV Size 1.90 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID bu7yIH-1440-BPy1-APG2-FpvX-ejLS-2MIlA8
###############################################################################
将/dev/sdb1分配到名字为xfsgroup00的VG
[[email protected] zhongq]# vgcreate xfsgroup00 /dev/sdb1
Volume group "xfsgroup00" successfully created
[[email protected] zhongq]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name centos
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 24.51 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 6274
Alloc PE / Size 6274 / 24.51 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID T3Ryyg-R0rn-2i5r-7L5o-AZKG-yFkh-CDzhKm
--- Volume group ---
VG Name xfsgroup00
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 1.90 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 487
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 487 / 1.90 GiB
VG UUID ejuwcc-sVES-MWWB-3Mup-n1wB-Kd0g-u7jm0H
###############################################################################
行任务令lvcreate来创造xfsgroup00组大小为1G的名字为xfsdata的LV
[[email protected] zhongq]# lvcreate -L 1024M -n xfsdata xfsgroup00
WARNING: xfs signature detected on /dev/xfsgroup00/xfsdata at offset 0. Wipe it? [y/n] y
Wiping xfs signature on /dev/xfsgroup00/xfsdata.
Logical volume "xfsdata" created
[[email protected] zhongq]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/centos/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name centos
LV UUID EnW3at-KlFG-XGaQ-DOoH-cGPP-8pSf-teSVbh
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2014-08-18 20:15:25 +0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.03 GiB
Current LE 520
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/centos/root
LV Name root
VG Name centos
LV UUID zmZGkv-Ln4W-B8AY-oDnD-BEk2-6VWL-L0cZOv
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2014-08-18 20:15:26 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 22.48 GiB
Current LE 5754
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/xfsgroup00/xfsdata
LV Name xfsdata
VG Name xfsgroup00
LV UUID O4yvoY-XGcD-0zPm-eilR-3JJP-updU-rRCSlJ
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2014-09-23 15:50:19 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 1.00 GiB
Current LE 256
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:3
###############################################################################
格式化分区为xfs文件系统。
小心:xfs被创立后,其size将不大概缩短,但足以经过xfs_growfs来增大
[[email protected] zhongq]# mkfs.xfs /dev/xfsgroup00/xfsdata
meta-data=/dev/xfsgroup00/xfsdata isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
###############################################################################
挂载xfs系统一分配区到内定目录,并通过参数uquota,gquota开启文件系统分配的定额。
[[email protected] zhongq]# mkdir /xfsdata
[[email protected] zhongq]# mount -o uquota,gquota /dev/xfsgroup00/xfsdata /xfsdata
[[email protected] zhongq]# chmod 777 /xfsdata
[[email protected] zhongq]# mount|grep xfsdata
/dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata on /xfsdata type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,usrquota,grpquota)
###############################################################################
使用xfs_quota命令来查阅分配的定额消息以致为客户和目录分配分配的定额,并表达分配的定额约束是不是见到效果。
[[email protected] zhongq]# xfs_quota -x -c 'report' /xfsdata
User quota on /xfsdata (/dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata)
Blocks
User ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------------------------
root 0 0 0 00 [--------]
Group quota on /xfsdata (/dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata)
Blocks
Group ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------------------------
root 0 0 0 00 [--------]
[[email protected] zhongq]# xfs_quota -x -c 'limit bsoft=100M bhard=120M zhongq' /xfsdata
[[email protected] zhongq]#xfs_quota -x -c 'report' /xfsdata
User quota on /xfsdata (/dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata)
Blocks
User ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------------------------
root 0 0 0 00 [--------]
zhongq 0 102400 122880 00 [--------]
Group quota on /xfsdata (/dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata)
Blocks
Group ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------------------------
root 0 0 0 00 [--------]
[[email protected] zhongq]# su zhongq
[[email protected] ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/xfsdata/zq00 bs=1M count=100
100+0 records in
100+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 28.9833 s, 3.6 MB/s
[[email protected] ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/xfsdata/zq01 bs=1M count=100
dd: error writing ‘/xfsdata/zq01’: Disk quota exceeded
21+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB) copied, 4.18921 s, 5.0 MB/s
[[email protected] ~]$ exit
[[email protected] zhongq]# xfs_quota
xfs_quota> help
df [-bir] [-hn] [-f file] -- show free and used counts for blocks and inodes
help [command] -- help for one or all commands
print -- list known mount points and projects
quit -- exit the program
quota [-bir] [-gpu] [-hnNv] [-f file] [id|name]... -- show usage and limits
Use 'help commandname' for extended help.
xfs_quota> print
Filesystem Pathname
/ /dev/mapper/centos-root
/boot /dev/sda1
/var/lib/docker /dev/mapper/centos-root
/xfsdata /dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata (uquota, gquota)
xfs_quota> quota -u zhongq
Disk quotas for User zhongq (1000)
Filesystem Blocks Quota Limit Warn/Time Mounted on
/dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata 122880 102400 122880 00 [6 days] /xfsdata
###############################################################################
先使用命令lvextend将LV扩张为1.5G(伊始体积是1G),然后利用命令xfs_growfs来对xfs文件系统扩大体积(这里以block计数卡塔 尔(英语:State of Qatar)
[[email protected] zhongq]# lvextend -L 1.5G /dev/xfsgroup00/xfsdata
Extending logical volume xfsdata to 1.50 GiB
Logical volume xfsdata successfully resized
[[email protected] zhongq]# xfs_growfs /dev/xfsgroup00/xfsdata -D 393216
meta-data=/dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 262144 to 393216
[[email protected] zhongq]# df -h|grep xfsdata
/dev/mapper/xfsgroup00-xfsdata 1.5G 153M 1.4G 10% /xfsdata
提醒有三个G的分配的定额 正是运用的流量用光了.只有1个G
实验
1.添加一块硬盘/dev/sdb,大小20G,
也能够用大学一年级点的硬盘,分区成20G
1. [root@linuxidc-pc ~]#lsblk /dev/sdb
2. NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
3. sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
2. 格式化硬盘(假诺您利用分区,就径直格式化分区卡塔 尔(英语:State of Qatar)
1. [root@linuxidc-pc ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb
3. 创设挂载目录
1. [root@linuxidc-pc ~]#mkdir /mnt/sdb
4. 挂载文件系统
改良/etc/fstab目录,把/dev/sdb
挂载上,注意加多usrquota挂载选项,该选项意为援救客商分配的定额
1. UUID=fa2f12ad-6195-47fe-8792-a8a9000cd44c / ext4 defaults 1 1
2. UUID=cd3afad0-4731-442d-8fc2-d9ae95f1a1cc /boot ext4 defaults
1 2
3. UUID=6afc5ea4-27c7-4d52-bd0f-ca410a2da379 /home ext4 defaults
1 2
4. UUID=daaff10f-aa8b-43d8-bc06-e4b82a905886 /mnt/sdb ext4 usrquota
0 0
使用mount –a 让挂载生效,使用df –h 命令查看是或不是见到效果
1. [root@linuxidc-pc ~]#df -h
2. Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
3. /dev/sda6 166G 3.6G 154G 3% /
4. tmpfs 491M 72K 491M 1% /dev/shm
5. /dev/sda1 190M 34M 147M 19% /boot
6. /dev/sda2 20G 44M 19G 1% /data
7. /dev/sda3 9.8G 130M 9.1G 2% /home
8. /dev/sdb 20G 44M 19G 1% /mnt/sdb
//第8行展现 /dev/sdb文件系统已挂载在/mnt/sdb目录上
5. 对/mnt/sdb设置配置配额,终于快贴近尾声了,-> ->
-
- 初阶化分配的定额数据库
1. [root@linuxidc-pc ~]#quotacheck /mnt/sdb/
-
- 翻看数据库是或不是生成成功,是不是生成aquota.user文件
1. [root@linuxidc-pc sdb]#ls /mnt/sdb/
2. aquota.user lost+found
-
- 编写制定配置数据库
-
- 设置linuxidc的安顿分配的定额
1. [root@linuxidc-pc sdb]#edquota linuxidc
1. Disk quotas for user linuxidc (uid 500):
2. Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
3. /dev/sdb 0 50000 60000 0 30 40
#
设置:使用block数目达到50000kb时,发送警报,达到60000kb时,禁绝增加内容
# 相通,当inode使用数据达到30,发送警报,达到40,防止新建文件
Filesystem: 文件系统
blocks:已运用的块大小,以kb为单位
inode:已利用的inode个数
soft:块设备(或inode)使用数据,预先警告额度
hard: 块设备(或inode卡塔 尔(阿拉伯语:قطر使用数据,制止额度
-
- 开启配置限额
1. [root@linuxidc-pc sdb]#quotaon /dev/sdb
实验景况:
CentOS7.3
centos7中xfs 是什格式
和ext3 ext4同样 是生龙活虎种文件系统,不过被喻为海量存款和储蓄
属性相比较see also
www.cnblogs.com/…7.html
测试
- 在/mnt/sdb/目录下开创linuxidc_f/目录,且属主为linuxidc,切换成linuxidc用户
1. [linuxidc@linuxidc-pc sdb]$pwd # 查看当前目录
2. /mnt/sdb
3. [linuxidc@linuxidc-pc sdb]$whoami #
查看当前客商,必需是布局分配的定额设定的客户
4. linuxidc
5. [linuxidc@linuxidc-pc sdb]$ll
6. #
查看linuxidc客户能够应用的目录,确认保障linuxidc可以在该目录或其子目录中写入数据
7. total 28
8. -rw——- 1 root root 7168 Apr 17 17:43 aquota.user
9. drwx—— 2 root root 16384 Apr 17 17:07 lost+found
-
drwxr-xr-x 2 linuxidc linuxidc 4096 Apr 17 18:05 linuxidc_f #
该目录属主为linuxidc -
[linuxidc@linuxidc-pc sdb]$cd linuxidc_f/
- 动用edquota USE中华V 能够查看、设置顾客USEEnclave的分配的定额限度和使用进程
1. [linuxidc@linuxidc-pc linuxidc_f]$edquota linuxidc
查看结果
1. Disk quotas for user linuxidc (uid 500):
2. Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft
hard
3. /dev/sdb 4 50000 60000 2 30
40
4. # block设备使用量为4kb
- 品尝创造file文件,并写入40M数量
1.
[linuxidc@linuxidc-pc linuxidc_f]$dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=1M count=40
2. 40+0 records in
3. 40+0 records out
4. 41943040 bytes (42 MB) copied, 0.0380665 s, 1.1 GB/s
5. ## 使用dd命令写文本,创设贰个文本file,写入1M*40=40M文件,写入成功
查看分配的定额限度和动用进程
5. Disk quotas for user linuxidc (uid 500):
6. Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft
hard
7. /dev/sdb 40964 50000 60000 2 30
40
8. ## 使用了40964kb
- 品味创设file文件,并写入50M数据
1.
[linuxidc@linuxidc-pc linuxidc_f]$dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=1M count=50
2. sdb: warning, user block quota exceeded.
3. 50+0 records in
4. 50+0 records out
5. 52428800 bytes (52 MB) copied, 0.046946 s, 1.1 GB/s
6. # 写入1M*50=50M文件成功,但发生警报warning
查看分配的定额限度和动用进度
1. Disk quotas for user linuxidc (uid 500):
2. Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft
hard
3. /dev/sdb 51204 50000 60000 2 30
40
4. ## 使用额度51204kb,超越预先警示额度 当时要么能够写入文件的
5.
- 品味创制file文件,并写入60M数据
1.
[linuxidc@linuxidc-pc linuxidc_f]$dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=1M count=60
2. sdb: warning, user block quota exceeded.
3. sdb: write failed, user block limit reached.
4. dd: writing `file’: Disk quota exceeded
5. 59+0 records in
6. 58+0 records out
7. 61435904 bytes (61 MB) copied, 0.101161 s, 607 MB/s
8. # 彰显写入60M数目退步
查看quota分配的定额使用量:
1. Disk quotas for user linuxidc (uid 500):
2. Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft
hard
3. /dev/sdb 60000 50000 60000 2 30
40
尝试往file中写入内容:
1. [linuxidc@linuxidc-pc linuxidc_f]$echo “heih” >> file
2. -bash: echo: write error: Disk quota exceeded # 写入错误
3. [linuxidc@linuxidc-pc linuxidc_f]$touch a #
创设文件成功
4. [linuxidc@linuxidc-pc linuxidc_f]$
本来也能够测量试验inode使用数据,这里不再赘述。
实验内容:
生龙活虎、迁移home到独门分区
二、对客户设定分配的定额
对此LINUX中的XFS文件系统难点
先用命令看生机勃勃看内核协理XFS文件系统吧?
grep “CONFIG_XFS_FS” /boot/config-*
拜候上面一条命令的出口是哪些?笔者的计算机是显得如下 :
[[email protected]
~]# grep “CONFIG_XFS_FS” /boot/config-*
/boot/config-2.6.18-348.1.1.el5:CONFIG_XFS_FS=m
/boot/config-2.6.18-348.el5:CONFIG_XFS_FS=m
XFS是增添性高、高品质的文件系统。也是rhel7/centos7的暗中认可文件系统。
XFS扶助metadata journaling,那使其能从crash中…
总结
- 计划配额是为着越来越好的分配文件系统使用空间,而对普通客户或群组限定使用额度。
- 配备分配的定额是基于挂载文件来讲,即必得使用挂载选项usrquota and/or
grpquota。 - 配置配额能够独自限于普通顾客,也得以单独限于群组,也得以并且对群组和客商展开界定。
- 陈设分配的定额能够对文件大小(block卡塔 尔(阿拉伯语:قطر进行界定,也能够对文本数量(inode卡塔 尔(英语:State of Qatar)举行限制
本文长久更新链接地址:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2017-10/148086.htm
尝试命令:
- lsblk、fdisk、mkfs.ext4、blkid、cp、du、vim、mount
- setenforce、quotaon、edquota、su、dd
意气风发、迁移home到独门分区
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